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Australia > Temperate East > Lord Howe

Lord Howe Marine Park

  • Research
  • Natural values
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  • Latest maps
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  • Shrimp hiding from the view of a Reef Life Survey diver
    RLS
  • Visual underwater surveys at Lord Howe Island
    RLS
  • Moorish idols in Lord Howe Marine Park
    RLS
  • Black-tip reef shark at Middleton Reef
    Antonia Cooper (RLS)
  • Aerial shot of Middleton Reef
    Graham Edgar (UTAS)
Image gallery
Network: Temperate East
Marine park area: 110,126 kilometres2
Depth range: less than 15 – 6,000 metres
Average depth: 3,232 metres
More info about this marine park

Lord Howe Marine Park is situated at the southernmost limit of coral reef formation, about 550 kilometres offshore of New South Wales and adjacent to the state government Lord Howe Island Marine Park and World Heritage Area. The convergence of tropical and temperate water masses in this Marine Park provide increased nutrients that enhance productivity, and attract an incredibly diverse array of marine life, including warm and cold water corals, turtles, whales and an abundance of tropical and temperate fish species that are at the northern or southern limit of their range.

Video

This video highlights the bathymetry and habitats of the shelf within the Lord Howe Marine Park. Key features include a drowned reef that encircles the island and intervening area of sediment-covered basins, all of which host a diverse array of marine life.

Research

These short articles highlight the findings from ongoing scientific research within the Lord Howe Marine Park, including exciting new discoveries and ideas for future projects.
Aerial shot of Middleton Reef

Biodiversity surveys of the Elizabeth and Middleton reefs 2013 and 2018

Reef communities remain relatively stable, but show signs of warming-related change
Pleurosicya mossambica

Cryptic fishes of Australian Marine Parks

Small and/or camouflaged fish species hidden on or near the reef surface are commonly referred to as ‘cryptic’ or ‘cryptobenthic’ fishes. These species are characteristically difficult to see but are diverse and abundant throughout Australian Marine Parks and may play an important role in supporting the larger predatory fish species protected within park boundaries.
Green moon wrasse in Emily Bay lagoon

Extraordinary diversity of shallow reef habitats in Australian Marine Parks

Parks Australia manage 60 Australian Marine Parks, many of which include shallow reefs. These reef habitats are hugely diverse, and include tropical reefs dominated by hard corals; current-swept offshore bommies covered in sea whips, sea fans and soft corals; temperate rocky reefs with sea urchin barrens or low lying colourful seaweeds; and deeper rocky reefs with sessile invertebrates and large black coral trees.
Galapagos shark

Galapagos shark interactions with fishing activity in the Lord Howe Marine Park

Scientists provide insight into the movements of the Galapagos sharks around Lord Howe Island.
Combined hard coral and algae habitat in 30 m depth at Elizabeth Reef

Surveying our southern-most coral reefs

As ocean temperatures continue to rise, a pressing challenge is to increase our understanding of the spatial distribution and characteristics of the critical habitats that support mesophotic reefs and associated demersal fish assemblages. Lord Howe Marine Park in the Tasman Sea protects the southern-most mesophotic coral reefs in the world, including Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

Natural values

Our marine parks have a number of different values, including natural, cultural, heritage and socio-economic values. The natural values of our marine parks refer to the habitats, species and ecological communities within them, and the processes that support their connectivity, productivity and function. Below are the key datasets that help inform park managers about the natural values that exist within our network of Australian Marine Parks. For more information on other park values refer to the relevant park Management Plans on the Parks Australia website.

Biologically important areas

See where sea lions, sea birds, whales, dolphins and turtles like to breed, forage and nest.

Bioregions

See which areas of Australia's oceans have similar characteristics.
KEF Preview Imange

Key ecological features

See which habitats, features and processes scientists consider particularly important for biodiversity and ecosystem health.
Ramsar Preview Image Ampsatlas

RAMSAR wetlands

See which wetlands of international significance are protected by Australian Marine Parks.

Maps

The information provided by these datasets was integral in the planning and development of our national network of marine parks. Learn in detail about how scientists and marine park planners used these important marine features together to design Australia's network of marine parks, or explore the datasets for the Lord Howe Marine Park individually through the links below.
Bathomes Preview Imange

Bathomes

See which areas of Marine Parks are of similar depth.
Bathymetry Preview Imange

Bathymetry (250 metre resolution)

Compare how deep the waters are within and between the Australian Marine Parks.
mean primary productivity hotspots

Chlorophyll-a and ocean productivity

See where Australian's oceans are (and aren't) rich in phytoplankton.
Preview Image Geomorph

Geomorphology

Explore the banks, pinnacles, troughs and other features of the seafloor in Australian Marine Parks.
rates of ocean warming

Sea surface temperature

Check out the typical water temperature in Australian Marine Parks.
Species Richness Preview Image Ampsatlas

Species richness

See where species richness is at its highest and lowest across Australian Marine Parks.
WHA Preview Imange Ampsatlas

World heritage areas

See which areas of Australia's marine environments have been World Heritage listed.

Latest maps

Since the initial planning of the Australian Marine Parks Network in 2012, new mapping data has emerged that allows us to see in finer detail the features that exist within our parks. These datasets help marine managers to understand more about what's under the surface, where there are overlaying management or protection regimes, and/or where pressures on the marine environment may be increasing.

4 metre bathymetry of the Lord Howe Marine Park

Fine scale bathymetry information is available for the Lord Howe Marine Park

50 metre bathymetry of the Lord Howe Marine Park

Fine scale bathymetry information is available for the Lord Howe Marine Park
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

Reef Life Survey site locations

See where Reef Life Survey have gathered important data about Australian reefs.

Where have ships mapped the seafloor with sonar?

Find out where the seafloor has been mapped with sonar across the Marine Parks.

Scientific papers

The following publications contain information relevant to the Lord Howe marine park and adjacent waters. Click on the links to access to the publications.
  • Andreakis, N, Costello, P, Zanolla, M, Saunders, G. W and Mata, L. (2016). Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage.
  • Boo, G. H, Nelson, W. A, Preuss, M, Kim, J. Y and Boo, S. M. (2016). Genetic segregation and differentiation of a common subtidal alga Pterocladia lucida (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) between Australia and New Zealand.
  • Cameron, K. A and Harrison, P. L. (2016). Patterns of scleractinian coral recruitment at Lord Howe Island, an isolated subtropical reef off eastern Australia.
  • DiBattista, J. D, Gaither, M. R, Hobbs, J. P. A, Rocha, L. A and Bowen, B. W. (2016). Angelfishes, paper tigers and the devilish taxonomy of the Centropyge flavissima complex.
  • Lavers, J. L and Bond, A. L. (2016). Selectivity of flesh-footed shearwaters for plastic colour: Evidence for differential provisioning in adults and fledglings.
  • Linklater, M, Carroll, A. G, Hamylton, S. M, Jordan, A. R, Brooke, B. P, Nichol, S. L and Woodroffe, C. D. (2016). High coral cover on a mesophotic, subtropical island platform at the limits of coral reef growth.
  • Linklater, M. (2016). Past and present coral distribution at the latitudinal limit of reef development, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Mizerek, T. L, Baird, A. H, Beaumont, L. J and Madin, J. S. (2016). Environmental tolerance governs the presence of reef corals at latitudes beyond reef growth.
  • Wilkinson, S. P, Pontasch, S, Fisher, P. L and Davy, S. K. (2016). The distribution of intra-genomically variable dinoflagellate symbionts at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Anderson, K. D, Heron, S. F and Pratchett, M. S. (2015). Species-specific declines in the linear extension of branching corals at a subtropical reef, Lord Howe Island.
  • Dixon, K. R, Saunders, G. W, Schneider, C. W and Lane, C. E. (2015). Etheliaceae fam. nov.(Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), with a clarification of the generitype of Ethelia and the addition of six novel species from warm waters.
  • Francis, M. P, Harasti, D and Malcolm, H. A. (2015). Surviving under pressure and protection: a review of the biology, ecology and population status of the highly vulnerable grouper Epinephelus daemelii.
  • Higgins, K, Hashimoto, T, Rollet, N, Colwell, J, Hackney, R and Milligan, P. (2015). Structural analysis of extended Australian continental crust: Capel and Faust basins, Lord Howe Rise.
  • Hoeksema, B. W. (2015). Latitudinal species diversity gradient of mushroom corals off eastern Australia: a baseline from the 1970s.
  • Keith, S. A, Woolsey, E. S, Madin, J. S, Byrne, M and Baird, A. H. (2015). Differential establishment potential of species predicts a shift in coral assemblage structure across a biogeographic barrier.
  • Linklater, M, Brooke, B. P, Hamylton, S. M, Nichol, S. L and Woodroffe, C. D. (2015). Submerged fossil reefs discovered beyond the limit of modern reef growth in the Pacific Ocean.
  • Noreen, A. M, Schmidt-Roach, S, Harrison, P. L and Oppen, M. J. (2015). Diverse associations among coral host haplotypes and algal endosymbionts may drive adaptation at geographically peripheral and ecologically marginal locations.
  • Riegl, B, Glynn, P. W, Wieters, E, Purkis, S, d'Angelo, C and Wiedenmann, J. (2015). Water column productivity and temperature predict coral reef regeneration across the Indo-Pacific.
  • Van Der Meer, M. H, Berumen, M. L, Hobbs, J.P and Herwerden, L. (2015). Population connectivity and the effectiveness of marine protected areas to protect vulnerable, exploited and endemic coral reef fishes at an endemic hotspot..
  • Wilkinson, S. P, Fisher, P. L, van Oppen, M. J and Davy, S. K. (2015). Intra-genomic variation in symbiotic dinoflagellates: recent divergence or recombination between lineages?.
  • Woolsey, E. S, Keith, S. A, Byrne, M, Schmidt-Roach, S and Baird, A. H. (2015). Latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance thresholds of early life stages of corals.
  • Hoey, A. S, Pratchett, M. S, Johansen, J and Hoey, J. (2014). 2014 Marine ecological survey of Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve.
  • Lavers, J. L, Bond, A. L and Hutton, I. (2014). Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals.
  • Pratchett, M. S, Hoey, A. S, Cvitanovic, C, Hobbs, J. P. A and Fulton, C. J. (2014). Abundance, diversity, and feeding behavior of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island.
  • Dalton, S. J and Roff, G. (2013). Spatial and temporal patterns of eastern Australia subtropical coral communities.
  • Harasti, D. and Malcolm, H. (2013). Distribution, relative abundance and size composition of the threatened serranid Epinephelus daemelii in New South Wales, Australia.
  • Lach, L and Barker, G. (2013). Asessing the Effectiveness of Tramp Ant Projects to Reduce Impacts on Biodiversity.
  • Lach, L and Barker, G. (2013). Assessing the Effectiveness of Tramp Ant Projects to Reduce Impacts on Biodiversity.
  • Meer, M. H, Horne, J. B, Gardner, M. G, Hobbs, J. P. A, Pratchett, M and Herwerden, L. (2013). Limited contemporary gene flow and high self-replenishment drives peripheral isolation in an endemic coral reef fish.
  • Noreen, A. M, van Oppen, M. J and Harrison, P. L. (2013). Genetic diversity and differentiation among high-latitude broadcast-spawning coral populations disjunct from the core range.
  • Schmidt-Roach, S, Lundgren, P, Miller, K. J, Gerlach, G, Noreen, A. M. E and Andreakis, N. (2013). Assessing hidden species diversity in the coral Pocillopora damicornis from Eastern Australia.
  • Van Der Meer, M.H , Gardner, M.G, Berumen, M.L, Hobbs, J.P.A and Van Herwerden, L. (2013). Identification of seventeen microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies of the endemic wrasse Coris bulbifrons..
  • Anderson, K, Pratchett, M and Baird, A. (2012). Summer growth rates of corals at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Jovanovic, B, Braganza, K, Collins, D and Jones, D. (2012). Climate variations and change evident in high-quality climate data for Australia's Antarctic and remote island weather stations.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Gardner, M. G, Hobbs, J. P. A, Pratchett, M and van Herwerden, L. (2012). Identification of twenty one microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies of the endemic butterflyfish Chaetodon tricinctus.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Hobbs, J. P. A, Jones, G. P and Van Herwerden, L. (2012). Genetic connectivity among and self-replenishment within island populations of a restricted range subtropical reef fish.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Jones, G. P, Hobbs, J and Van Herwerden, L. (2012). Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity.
  • Harrison, P. L, Dalton, S. J and Carroll, A. G. (2011). Extensive coral bleaching on the world's southernmost coral reef at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Hoey, A. S, Pratchett, M. S and Cvitanovic, C. (2011). High macroalgal cover and low coral recruitment undermines the potential resilience of the world's southernmost coral reef assemblages.
  • Kennedy, D. M, Brooke, B. P, Woodroffe, C. D, Jones, B. G, Waikari, C and Nichol, S. (2011). The geomorphology of the flanks of the Lord Howe Island volcano, Tasman Sea, Australia.
  • Crean, A. J, Swearer, S. E and Patterson, H. M. (2010). Larval supply is a good predictor of recruitment in endemic but not non-endemic fish populations at a high latitude coral reef.
  • Figueira, W. F and Booth, D. J. (2010). Increasing ocean temperatures allow tropical fishes to survive overwinter in temperate waters.
  • Noreen, A. M. (2010). Ecological and evolutionary connectivity of reef corals in subtropical eastern Australia: implications for the persistence of high-latitude coral populations.
  • NSW, Marine Parks Authority (2010). Lord Howe Island Marine Park Summary of Research and Monitoring.
  • Woodroffe, C. D, Brooke, B. P, Linklater, M, Kennedy, D. M, Jones, B. G, Buchanan, C, Mleczko, R, Hua, Q and Zhao, J. X. (2010). Response of coral reefs to climate change: Expansion and demise of the southernmost Pacific coral reef.
  • Berkelmans, R. R. (2009). Interim report for 2008/09: installation and management of a system of Sea Temperature Data Loggers at Tropical and Sub-tropical Commonweath MPA's.
  • Edgar, G. J and Stuart-Smith, R. D. (2009). Ecological effects of marine protected areas on rocky reef communities--a continental-scale analysis.
  • Noreen, A. M, Harrison, P. L and Van Oppen, M. J. (2009). Genetic diversity and connectivity in a brooding reef coral at the limit of its distribution.
  • Thalmann, S. J, Baker, G. B, Hindell, M and Tuck, G. N. (2009). Longline Fisheries and Foraging Distribution of Flesh-Footed Shearwaters in Eastern Australia.
  • Harrison, P. L. (2008). Coral spawn slicks at Lord Howe Island, Tasman Sea, Australia; the world's most southerly coral reef.
  • Keene, J, Baker, C, Tran, M and Potter, A. (2008). Sedimentology and Geomorphology of the East Marine region of Australia.
  • Lindsay, M. J, Patterson, H. M and Swearer, S. E. (2008). Habitat as a surrogate measure of reef fish diversity in the zoning of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, Australia.
  • Patterson, H. M and Swearer, S. E. (2008). Origin of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, from Lord Howe Island, Australia, inferred from otolith chemistry.
  • Van Herwerden, L, Almojil, D and Choat, H. (2008). Population genetic structure of Australian Galapagos reef sharks Carcharhinus galapagensis at Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve and Lord Howe Island Marine Park.
  • Appleyard, S and Ward, R. (2007). Genetic connectedness between black cod (E. daemelii) collections along the NSW coast and the Elizabeth & Middleton Reefs Reserve: Final Report to the Department of Environment and Water Resources, June 2007.
  • Brewer, D, Flynn, A, Skewes, T, Corfield, J, Pearson, B, Alowa, J and Young, J. (2007). Ecosystems of the East Marine Region.
  • Heagney, E. C, Lynch, T. P, Babcock, R. C and Suthers, I. M. (2007). Pelagic fish assemblages assessed using mid-water baited video: standardising fish counts using bait plume size.
  • Kennedy, D. M, Woodroffe, C. D and Zhao, J. X. (2007). Reef development at high-latitudes during multiple interglacial cycles: New evidence from Lord Howe Island, southwestern Pacific.
  • Patterson, H. M, Lindsay, M and Swearer, S. E. (2007). Use of sonar transects to improve efficiency and reduce potential bias in visual surveys of reef fishes.
  • Thalmann, S, Baker, G. B, Hindell, M, Double, M. C and Gales, R. (2007). Using biometric measurements to determine gender of Flesh-footed Shearwaters, and their application as a tool in long-line by-catch management and ecological field studies.
  • Choat, J. H, Van Herwerden, L, Robbins, W. D, Hobbs, J. P and Ayling, A. M. (2006). A report on the ecological surveys undertaken at Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs, February 2006.
  • Dickson, M. E. (2006). Shore platform development around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific.
  • Parks, Director of National (2006). Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2006-2013.
  • Phillips, B, Hale, J and Maliel, M. (2006). Ecological character of the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve Wetland of International Importance.
  • Woodroffe, C. D, Kennedy, D. M, Brooke, B. P and Dickson, M. E. (2006). Geomorphological evolution of Lord Howe Island and carbonate production at the latitudinal limit to reef growth.
  • Baker, G. B and Wise, B. S. (2005). The impact of pelagic longline fishing on the flesh-footed shearwater Puffinus carneipes in Eastern Australia.
  • Millar, A. J and Freshwater, D. W. (2005). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of the marine algal order Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) from New South Wales, including Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands.
  • Woodroffe, C. D, Dickson, M. E, Brooke, B. P and Kennedy, D. M. (2005). Episodes of reef growth at Lord Howe Island, the southernmost reef in the southwest Pacific.
  • Ayre, D. J and Hughes, T. P. (2004). Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals.
  • Dickson, M. E, Kennedy, D. M and Woodroffe, C. D. (2004). The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific.
  • Exon, N. F, Quilty, P. G, Lafoy, Y, Crawford, A. J and Auzende, J. M. (2004). Miocene volcanic seamounts on northern Lord Howe Rise: lithology, age and origin.
  • Kennedy, D. M and Woodroffe, C. D. (2004). Algal encrustation and the interpretation of radiocarbon dating of coral clasts.
  • Kennedy, D. M and Woodroffe, C. D. (2004). Carbonate sediments of Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs close to the southern limits of reef growth in the southwest Pacific.
  • Millar, A. J. (2004). New records of marine benthic algae from New South Wales, eastern Australia.
  • Oxley, W. G, Ayling, A. M, Cheal, A. J and Osborne, K. (2004). Marine surveys undertaken in the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve, December 2003.
  • Speare, P, Cappo, M, Rees, M, Brownlie, J and Oxley, W. (2004). Deeper water fish and benthic surveys in the Lord Howe Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters): February 2004.
  • Waters, J. M and Roy, M. S. (2004). Out of Africa: the slow train to Australasia.
  • Woodroffe, C. D, Kennedy, D. M, Jones, B. G and Phipps, C. V. G. (2004). Geomorphology and Late Quaternary development of Middleton and Elizabeth reefs.
  • Brooke, B. P, Murray-Wallace, C. V, Woodroffe, C. D and Heijnis, H. (2003). Quaternary aminostratigraphy of eolianite on Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Brooke, B. P, Woodroffe, C. D, Murray-Wallace, C. V, Heijnis, H and Jones, B. G. (2003). Quaternary calcarenite stratigraphy on Lord Howe Island, southwestern Pacific Ocean and the record of coastal carbonate deposition.
  • Clark, M, Roberts, C, Williams, A and Last, P. (2003). Voyage report of a biodiversity survey of seamounts and slopes of the Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Rise (NORFANZ), May-June 2003.
  • Kennedy, D. M. (2003). Surface lagoonal sediments on Lord Howe Island, Tasman Sea.
  • Williams, A, Althaus, F and Gowlett-Holmes, K. (2003). Biodiversity survey of seamounts & slopes of the Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Rise.
  • Environment, Department of the (2002). Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) Management Plan.
  • Harriott, V and Banks, S. (2002). Latitudinal variation in coral communities in eastern Australia: a qualitative biophysical model of factors regulating coral reefs.
  • Kennedy, D. M, Woodroffe, C. D, Jones, B. G, Dickson, M. E and Phipps, C. V. G. (2002). Carbonate sedimentation on subtropical shelves around Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid, southwest Pacific.
  • Hill, P. J, Symonds, P. A and Rollet, N. (2001). Seafloor Mapping of the South-east Marine Region and Adjacent Waters-AUSTREA Final Report: Lord Howe Island, South-east Australian Margin (includes Tasmania and South Tasman Rise) and Central Great Australian Bight..
  • de Forges, B. R, Koslow, J. A and Poore, G. C. B. (2000). Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific.
  • Kraft, G. T. (2000). Marine and estuarine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific.
  • Harriott, V. J. (1999). Coral growth in subtropical eastern Australia.
  • Koslow, J. A. (1997). Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries: The firm-bodied fishes that feed around seamounts are biologically distinct from their deepwater neighbors--and may be especially vulnerable to overfishing.
  • Harriott, V. J. (1995). Is the crown-of-thorns starfish a threat to the reefs of Lord Howe Island?.
  • Harriott, V. J., Harrison, P. L. and Banks, S. A. (1995). The coral communities of Lord Howe Island.
  • Millar, A. J. K and Kraft, G. T. (1994). Catalogue of marine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific.
  • Millar, A. J. K and Kraft, G. T. (1994). Catalogue of marine brown algae (Phaeophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific.
  • Francis, M. P and Randall, J. E. (1993). Further additions to the fish faunas of Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Francis, M. P. (1993). Checklist of the coastal fishes of Lord howe, norfolk, and Kermadec Islands, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Millar, A. J. K and Kraft, G. T. (1993). Catalogue of marine and freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific.
  • Benzie, J. A. H and Stoddart, J. A. (1992). Genetic structure of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) in Australia.
  • Harriott, V. J. (1992). Recruitment patterns of scleractinian corals in an isolated sub-tropical reef system.
  • De Vantier, L. M and Deacon, G. (1990). Distribution of Acanthaster planci at Lord Howe Island, the southern-most Indo-Pacific reef.
  • Hutchings, P. A. (1988). Voyage to Elizabeth & Middleton Reefs.
  • Randall, J. E and Kuiter, R. H. (1982). Three new labrid fishes of the genus Coris from the Western Pacific.
  • McDougall, I, Embleton, B. J. J and Stone, D. B. (1981). Origin and evolution of Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Veron, J. E. N and Done, T. J. (1979). Corals and coral communities of Lord Howe Island.
  • Slater, R. A and Phipps, C. V. (1977). A preliminary report on the coral reefs of Lord Howe Island and Elizabeth Reef, Australia. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium.
  • Allen, G. R, Hoese, D. F, Paxton, J. R, Randall, J. E, Russell, B. C, Starck, W. A, Talbot, F. H and Whitley, G. P. (1976). Annotated checklist of fishes of Lord Howe Island.
  • Slater, R. A and Goodwin, R. H. (1973). Tasman sea guyots.
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