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Australian Marine Parks
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Australia > Temperate East

Temperate East network

  • Research
  • Scientific papers

Marine parks

  • Central Eastern
  • Cod Grounds
  • Gifford
  • Hunter
  • Jervis
  • Lord Howe
  • Norfolk
  • Solitary Islands
  • Spotted wobbegong
    RLS
  • Shrimp hiding from the view of a Reef Life Survey diver
    RLS
  • Colourful sponge reef
    NERP
  • Visual underwater surveys at Lord Howe Island
    RLS
  • Moorish idols in Lord Howe Marine Park
    RLS
Image gallery
Number of marine parks: 8
More info

There are eight Australian Marine Parks off the coast of New South Wales, making up the Temperate East Marine Parks Network. Waters off internationally-renowned tourism destinations Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island are part of the Temperate East. These marine parks cover 383,339 square kilometres, and are rich with coral, crustaceans, echinoderms, molluscs and sea sponges. They support the vulnerable black cod, marine turtle and bony fish, as well as being important breeding grounds for seabirds. Here you'll find important offshore reef habitat around Elizabeth and Middleton reefs, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. Migratory humpback whales make their way through the region annually on their way to breeding grounds in Queensland.

Biodiversity

The Temperate East Marine Parks Network has high species diversity, globally significant populations of internationally threatened marine species and a small number of species endemic to the area. The marine environment is characterised by the meeting of warm waters from the Coral Sea and the colder nutrient rich waters from the Tasman Sea, and the mixing of these two water masses brings together a diverse array of tropical, subtropical and temperate marine species which are found to flourish alongside each other in this area. Warm and cold water corals, sponges and fish can all be found in abundance in this region, as well as the critically endangered grey nurse shark, and the migratory humpback whale.

Research

These short articles highlight the findings from ongoing scientific research within the Temperate East Network, including exciting new discoveries and ideas for future projects.
Aerial shot of Middleton Reef

Biodiversity surveys of the Elizabeth and Middleton reefs 2013 and 2018

Reef communities remain relatively stable, but show signs of warming-related change
The abyss

Exploration in the abyss

A discovery voyage into the deep, dark and crushing world 4000 metres below the sea surface
Combined hard coral and algae habitat in 30 m depth at Elizabeth Reef

Surveying our southern-most coral reefs

As ocean temperatures continue to rise, a pressing challenge is to increase our understanding of the spatial distribution and characteristics of the critical habitats that support mesophotic reefs and associated demersal fish assemblages. Lord Howe Marine Park in the Tasman Sea protects the southern-most mesophotic coral reefs in the world, including Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

Scientific papers

The following publications contain information relevant to marine parks in the Temperate East network and adjacent waters. Click on the links to access to the publications.
  • Roberts, Kelsey E., Valkan, Rebecca S. and Cook, Carly N. (2018). Measuring progress in marine protection: A new set of metrics to evaluate the strength of marine protected area networks.
  • Althaus, F, Williams, A, Alderslade, P and Schlacher, T. A. (2016). Conservation of marine biodiversity on a very large deep continental margin: how representative is a very large offshore reserve network for deep-water octocorals?.
  • Andreakis, N, Costello, P, Zanolla, M, Saunders, G. W and Mata, L. (2016). Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage.
  • Boo, G. H, Nelson, W. A, Preuss, M, Kim, J. Y and Boo, S. M. (2016). Genetic segregation and differentiation of a common subtidal alga Pterocladia lucida (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) between Australia and New Zealand.
  • Cameron, K. A and Harrison, P. L. (2016). Patterns of scleractinian coral recruitment at Lord Howe Island, an isolated subtropical reef off eastern Australia.
  • DiBattista, J. D, Gaither, M. R, Hobbs, J. P. A, Rocha, L. A and Bowen, B. W. (2016). Angelfishes, paper tigers and the devilish taxonomy of the Centropyge flavissima complex.
  • Lavers, J. L and Bond, A. L. (2016). Selectivity of flesh-footed shearwaters for plastic colour: Evidence for differential provisioning in adults and fledglings.
  • Linklater, M, Carroll, A. G, Hamylton, S. M, Jordan, A. R, Brooke, B. P, Nichol, S. L and Woodroffe, C. D. (2016). High coral cover on a mesophotic, subtropical island platform at the limits of coral reef growth.
  • Linklater, M. (2016). Past and present coral distribution at the latitudinal limit of reef development, southwest Pacific Ocean.
  • Malcolm, H. A. (2016). A moray's many knots: knot tying behaviour around bait in two species of Gymnothorax moray eel.
  • Mizerek, T. L, Baird, A. H, Beaumont, L. J and Madin, J. S. (2016). Environmental tolerance governs the presence of reef corals at latitudes beyond reef growth.
  • Schultz, A. L. (2016). Fish assemblages of unconsolidated substrata in the Solitary Islands Marine Park using baited remote underwater video.
  • Verges, A, Doropoulos, C, Malcolm, H. A, Skye, M, Garcia-Piza, M, Marzinelli, E. M, Campbell, A. H, Ballesteros, E, Hoey, A. S, Vila-Concejo, A and Bozec, Y. M. (2016). Long-term empirical evidence of ocean warming leading to tropicalization of fish communities, increased herbivory, and loss of kelp.
  • Wilkinson, S. P, Pontasch, S, Fisher, P. L and Davy, S. K. (2016). The distribution of intra-genomically variable dinoflagellate symbionts at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Wilson, N. G., Stiller, J. and Rouse, G. W. (2016). Barriers to gene flow in common seadragons (Syngnathidae: Phyllopteryx taeniolatus).
  • Anderson, K. D, Heron, S. F and Pratchett, M. S. (2015). Species-specific declines in the linear extension of branching corals at a subtropical reef, Lord Howe Island.
  • Baird, A. H, Cumbo, V. R, Gudge, S, Keith, S. A, Maynard, J. A, Tan, C. H and Woolsey, E. S. (2015). Coral reproduction on the world's southernmost reef at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Bulman, C. M and Fulton, E. A. (2015). Bentho-pelagic coupling in Commonwealth Marine Reserves.
  • Coleman, M. A, Bates, A. E, Stuart-Smith, R. D, Malcolm, H. A, Harasti, D, Jordan, A, Knott, N. A, Edgar, G. J and Kelaher, B. P. (2015). Functional traits reveal early responses in marine reserves following protection from fishing.
  • Devillers, R, Pressey, R. L, Grech, A, Kittinger, J. N, Edgar, G. J, Ward, T and Watson, R. (2015). Reinventing residual reserves in the sea: are we favouring ease of establishment over need for protection?.
  • Dixon, K. R, Saunders, G. W, Schneider, C. W and Lane, C. E. (2015). Etheliaceae fam. nov.(Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), with a clarification of the generitype of Ethelia and the addition of six novel species from warm waters.
  • Ferguson, A. M, Harvey, E. S, Rees, M. J and Knott, N. A. (2015). Does the abundance of girellids and kyphosids correlate with cover of the palatable green algae, Ulva spp.? A test on temperate rocky intertidal reefs.
  • Francis, M. P, Harasti, D and Malcolm, H. A. (2015). Surviving under pressure and protection: a review of the biology, ecology and population status of the highly vulnerable grouper Epinephelus daemelii.
  • Higgins, K, Hashimoto, T, Rollet, N, Colwell, J, Hackney, R and Milligan, P. (2015). Structural analysis of extended Australian continental crust: Capel and Faust basins, Lord Howe Rise.
  • Hoeksema, B. W. (2015). Latitudinal species diversity gradient of mushroom corals off eastern Australia: a baseline from the 1970s.
  • Keith, S. A, Woolsey, E. S, Madin, J. S, Byrne, M and Baird, A. H. (2015). Differential establishment potential of species predicts a shift in coral assemblage structure across a biogeographic barrier.
  • Linklater, M, Brooke, B. P, Hamylton, S. M, Nichol, S. L and Woodroffe, C. D. (2015). Submerged fossil reefs discovered beyond the limit of modern reef growth in the Pacific Ocean.
  • Malcolm, H. A, Schultz, A. L, Sachs, P, Johnstone, N and Jordan, A. (2015). Decadal Changes in the Abundance and Length of Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in Subtropical Marine Sanctuaries.
  • Marzinelli, E.M, Williams, S.B, Babcock, R.C, Barrett, N.S, Johnson, C.R, Jordan, A, Kendrick, G.A, Pizarro, O.R, Smale, D.A and Steinberg, P.D. (2015). Large-scale geographic variation in distribution and abundance of Australian deep-water kelp forests.
  • McLean, D. L, Green, M, Harvey, E. S, Williams, A, Daley, R and Graham, K. J. (2015). Comparison of baited longlines and baited underwater cameras for assessing the composition of continental slope deepwater fish assemblages off southeast Australia.
  • Nichol, S. L. (2015). Submarine Canyons: Their role in shaping biodiversity patterns on the Australian margin Fact Sheet.
  • Noreen, A. M, Schmidt-Roach, S, Harrison, P. L and Oppen, M. J. (2015). Diverse associations among coral host haplotypes and algal endosymbionts may drive adaptation at geographically peripheral and ecologically marginal locations.
  • Rees, M. J, Knott, N. A, Fenech, G. V and Davis, A. R. (2015). Rules of attraction: enticing pelagic fish to mid-water remote underwater video systems (RUVs).
  • Riegl, B, Glynn, P. W, Wieters, E, Purkis, S, d'Angelo, C and Wiedenmann, J. (2015). Water column productivity and temperature predict coral reef regeneration across the Indo-Pacific.
  • Sommerfeld, J, Kato, A, Ropert-Coudert, Y, Garthe, S, Wilcox, C and Hindell, M. A. (2015). Flexible foraging behaviour in a marine predator, the Masked booby (Sula dactylatra), according to foraging locations and environmental conditions.
  • Van Der Meer, M. H, Berumen, M. L, Hobbs, J.P and Herwerden, L. (2015). Population connectivity and the effectiveness of marine protected areas to protect vulnerable, exploited and endemic coral reef fishes at an endemic hotspot..
  • West, L. D, Stark, K. E, Murphy, J. J, Lyle, J. M and Ochwada-Doyle, F. A. (2015). Survey of Recreational Fishing in New South Wales and the ACT, 2013/14..
  • Wilkinson, S. P, Fisher, P. L, van Oppen, M. J and Davy, S. K. (2015). Intra-genomic variation in symbiotic dinoflagellates: recent divergence or recombination between lineages?.
  • Woolsey, E. S, Keith, S. A, Byrne, M, Schmidt-Roach, S and Baird, A. H. (2015). Latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance thresholds of early life stages of corals.
  • Alderslade, P, Althaus, F, McEnnulty, F, Gowlett-Holmes, K and Williams, A. (2014). Australia's deep-water octocoral fauna: historical account and checklist, distributions and regional affinities of recent collections.
  • Authority, Australian Fisheries Management (2014). Residual Risk Assessment Teleost and Chondrichthyan Species. Report for the Scalefish Automatic Longline Method of the Gillnet Hook and Trap Sector.
  • Bruce, E, Albright, L, Sheehan, S and Blewitt, M. (2014). Distribution patterns of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Jervis Bay, Australia: A spatial analysis using geographical citizen science data.
  • Cameron, M. J, Lucieer, V, Barrett, N. S, Johnson, C. R and Edgar, G. J. (2014). Understanding community-habitat associations of temperate reef fishes using fine-resolution bathymetric measures of physical structure.
  • Couturier, L. I, Dudgeon, C. L, Pollock, K. H, Jaine, F. R. A, Bennett, M. B, Townsend, K. A, Weeks, S. J and Richardson, A. J. (2014). Population Dynamics of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi in eastern Australia.
  • Environment, Department of the (2014). Issues paper for the Grey Nurse Shark (Cacharias taurus).
  • Environment, Department of the (2014). Recovery Plan for the Grey Nurse Shark (Cacharias taurus).
  • Gladstone, W. (2014). Criticisms of science, social impacts, opinion leaders, and targets for no-take zones led to cuts in New South Wales'(Australia) system of marine protected areas.
  • Hoey, A. S, Pratchett, M. S, Johansen, J and Hoey, J. (2014). 2014 Marine ecological survey of Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve.
  • Huang, Z, Kool, J and Nichol, S. (2014). Submarine Canyon Mapping.
  • Huang, Z, Nichol, S. L, Harris, P. T and Caley, M. J. (2014). Classification of submarine canyons of the Australian continental margin.
  • Lavers, J. L, Bond, A. L and Hutton, I. (2014). Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): Implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals.
  • Pratchett, M. S, Hoey, A. S, Cvitanovic, C, Hobbs, J. P. A and Fulton, C. J. (2014). Abundance, diversity, and feeding behavior of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island.
  • Schultz, A. L, Malcolm, H. A, Bucher, D. J, Linklater, M and Smith, S. D. (2014). Depth and medium-scale spatial processes influence fish assemblage structure of unconsolidated habitats in a subtropical marine park.
  • Scott, A, Hardefeldt, J. M and Hall, K. C. (2014). Asexual propagation of sea anemones that host anemonefishes: implications for the marine ornamental aquarium trade and restocking programs.
  • Smith, K. R, Scarpaci, C, Scarr, M. J and Otway, N. M. (2014). Scuba diving tourism with critically endangered grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus) off eastern Australia: tourist demographics, shark behaviour and diver compliance.
  • Sommer, B, Harrison, P. L, Beger, M and Pandolfi, J. M. (2014). Trait-mediated environmental filtering drives assembly at biogeographic transition zones.
  • Sutton, P. J and Bowen, M. (2014). Flows in the Tasman front south of Norfolk island.
  • Voyer, M, Gladstone, W and Goodall, H. (2014). Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish.
  • Barr, L. M and Possingham, H. P. (2013). Are outcomes matching policy commitments in Australian marine conservation planning?.
  • Coleman, M. A, Palmer-Brodie, A and Kelaher, B. P. (2013). Conservation benefits of a network of marine reserves and partially protected areas.
  • Dalton, S. J and Roff, G. (2013). Spatial and temporal patterns of eastern Australia subtropical coral communities.
  • Falkner, I, Barbosa, S and Byrne, M. (2013). Reproductive biology of four ophiocomid ophiuroids in tropical and temperate Australia-reproductive cycle and oogenic strategies in species with different modes of development.
  • Ferguson, A. M, Harvey, E. S, Taylor, M. D and Knott, N. A. (2013). A herbivore knows its patch: luderick, Girella tricuspidata, exhibit strong site fidelity on shallow subtidal reefs in a temperate marine park.
  • Gallen, C , Bruce, B and Harasti, D. (2013). Knowledge review and gap identification for juvenile white sharks in coastal waters of the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority.
  • Government., Australian (2013). Recovery Plan for the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias).
  • Harasti, D. and Malcolm, H. (2013). Distribution, relative abundance and size composition of the threatened serranid Epinephelus daemelii in New South Wales, Australia.
  • Haward, M, Davidson, J, Lockwood, M, Hockings, M, Kriwoken, L and Allchin, R. (2013). Climate change, scenarios and marine biodiversity conservation.
  • Knuckey, I, Bravington, M, Peel, D, Koopman, M, Fuller, M, Klaer, N, Day, J, Upston, J and Hudson, R. (2013). Implementation of a fishery independent survey for the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery.
  • Lach, L and Barker, G. (2013). Asessing the Effectiveness of Tramp Ant Projects to Reduce Impacts on Biodiversity.
  • Lach, L and Barker, G. (2013). Assessing the Effectiveness of Tramp Ant Projects to Reduce Impacts on Biodiversity.
  • Li, J, O Foighil, D and Park, J.K. (2013). Triton's trident: cryptic Neogene divergences in a marine clam (Lasaea australis) correspond to Australia's three temperate biogeographic provinces.
  • Lynch, T.P , Harcourt, R , Edgar, G and Barrett, N. (2013). Conservation of the critically endangered Eastern Australian population of the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) through cross-jurisdictional management of a network of marine-protected areas.
  • Meer, M. H, Horne, J. B, Gardner, M. G, Hobbs, J. P. A, Pratchett, M and Herwerden, L. (2013). Limited contemporary gene flow and high self-replenishment drives peripheral isolation in an endemic coral reef fish.
  • Noreen, A. M, van Oppen, M. J and Harrison, P. L. (2013). Genetic diversity and differentiation among high-latitude broadcast-spawning coral populations disjunct from the core range.
  • Reisser, J, Shaw, J, Wilcox, C, Hardesty, B. D, Proietti, M, Thums, M and Pattiaratchi, C. (2013). Marine plastic pollution in waters around Australia: characteristics, concentrations, and pathways.
  • Schmidt-Roach, S, Lundgren, P, Miller, K. J, Gerlach, G, Noreen, A. M. E and Andreakis, N. (2013). Assessing hidden species diversity in the coral Pocillopora damicornis from Eastern Australia.
  • Schmidt-Roach, S, Miller, K. J and Andreakis, N. (2013). Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia.
  • Sommerfeld, J, Kato, A, Ropert-Coudert, Y, Garthe, S and Hindell, M. A. (2013). Foraging parameters influencing the detection and interpretation of area-restricted search behaviour in marine predators: a case study with the masked booby.
  • Van Der Meer, M.H , Gardner, M.G, Berumen, M.L, Hobbs, J.P.A and Van Herwerden, L. (2013). Identification of seventeen microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies of the endemic wrasse Coris bulbifrons..
  • Wraith, J, Lynch, T, Minchinton, T. E, Broad, A and Davis, A. R. (2013). Bait type affects fish assemblages and feeding guilds observed at baited remote underwater video stations.
  • Anderson, K, Pratchett, M and Baird, A. (2012). Summer growth rates of corals at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Authority, Australian Fisheries Management (2012). Residual Risk Assessment of the Level 2 Productivity Susceptibility Analysis. Non-Teleost and Non-Chondrichthyan Species.
  • Authority, Australian Fisheries Management (2012). Upper-slope dogfish management strategy. AFMA-managed Fisheries.
  • Baird, A. H, Sommer, B and Madin, J. S. (2012). Pole-ward range expansion of Acropora spp. along the east coast of Australia.
  • Edgar, G. J and Barrett, N. S. (2012). An assessment of population responses of common inshore fishes and invertebrates following declaration of five Australian marine protected areas.
  • Fuentes, M. P. B., Poloczanska, E. S, Hobday, A. J and Richardson, A. J. (2012). Marine Climate Change in Australia Impacts and Adaptation Responses 2012 REPORT CARD: Marine Reptiles.
  • Hammerton, Z, Dimmock, K, Hahn, C, Dalton, S. J and Smith, S. D. (2012). Scuba diving and marine conservation: collaboration at two Australian subtropical destinations.
  • Harrison, M. A and Smith, S. D. (2012). Cross-shelf variation in the structure of molluscan assemblages on shallow, rocky reefs in subtropical, eastern Australia.
  • Hill, R and Scott, A. (2012). The influence of irradiance on the severity of thermal bleaching in sea anemones that host anemonefish.
  • Huang, Z, McArthur, M , Radke, L, Anderson, T, Nichol, S, Siwabessy, J and Brooke, B. (2012). Developing physical surrogates for benthic biodiversity using co-located samples and regression tree models: a conceptual synthesis for a sandy temperate embayment.
  • Jovanovic, B, Braganza, K, Collins, D and Jones, D. (2012). Climate variations and change evident in high-quality climate data for Australia's Antarctic and remote island weather stations.
  • Malcolm, H.A, Foulsham, E, Pressey, R.L, Jordan, A, Davies, P.L, Ingleton, T, Johnstone, N, Hessey, S and Smith, S.D. (2012). Selecting zones in a marine park: early systematic planning improves cost-efficiency; combining habitat and biotic data improves effectiveness.
  • Porter-Smith, R, Lyne, V. D, Kloser, R. J and Lucieer, V. L. (2012). Catchment-based classification of Australia's continental slope canyons.
  • Schultz, A. L, Malcolm, H. A, Bucher, D. J and Smith, S. D. (2012). Effects of reef proximity on the structure of fish assemblages of unconsolidated substrata.
  • Sims, D. W, Humphries, N. E, Bradford, R. W and Bruce, B. D. (2012). Levy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free-ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Gardner, M. G, Hobbs, J. P. A, Pratchett, M and van Herwerden, L. (2012). Identification of twenty one microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies of the endemic butterflyfish Chaetodon tricinctus.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Hobbs, J. P. A, Jones, G. P and Van Herwerden, L. (2012). Genetic connectivity among and self-replenishment within island populations of a restricted range subtropical reef fish.
  • van der Meer, M. H, Jones, G. P, Hobbs, J and Van Herwerden, L. (2012). Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity.
  • 2011., State of the Environment Committee. (2011). Australia State of the Environment 2011: Chapter 6 Marine environment..
  • Chambers, L. E, Devney, C. A, Congdon, B. C, Dunlop, N, Woehler, E. J and Dann, P. (2011). Observed and predicted effects of climate on Australian seabirds.
  • Condie, S. A, Mansbridge, J. V and Cahill, M. L. (2011). Contrasting local retention and cross-shore transports of the East Australian Current and the Leeuwin Current and their relative influences on the life histories of small pelagic fishes.
  • Fitzsimons, J. A. (2011). Mislabeling marine protected areas and why it matters--a case study of Australia.
  • Harrison, P. L, Dalton, S. J and Carroll, A. G. (2011). Extensive coral bleaching on the world's southernmost coral reef at Lord Howe Island, Australia.
  • Hoey, A. S, Pratchett, M. S and Cvitanovic, C. (2011). High macroalgal cover and low coral recruitment undermines the potential resilience of the world's southernmost coral reef assemblages.
  • Kennedy, D. M, Brooke, B. P, Woodroffe, C. D, Jones, B. G, Waikari, C and Nichol, S. (2011). The geomorphology of the flanks of the Lord Howe Island volcano, Tasman Sea, Australia.
  • Malcolm, H. A and Authority, N. M. P. (2011). Cross-shelf patterns of black cod Epinephelus daemelii at three important locations in Northern Rivers marine waters.
  • Malcolm, H. A, Jordan, A and Smith, S. D. (2011). Testing a depth-based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park.
  • Otway, N. M and Ellis, M. T. (2011). Pop-up archival satellite tagging of Carcharias taurus: movements and depth/temperature-related use of south-eastern Australian waters.
  • Pratchett, M.S , Hobbs, J.P.A, Hoey, A.S, Baird, A.H, Ayling, A.M, Gudge, S and Choat, J.H. (2011). Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve Marine Survey 2011.
  • West, J. G. (2011). Changing patterns of shark attacks in Australian waters.
  • Ceccarelli, D. (2010). Research and Monitoring in Australia's Commonwealth Marine Protected Areas: A Review.
  • Crean, A. J, Swearer, S. E and Patterson, H. M. (2010). Larval supply is a good predictor of recruitment in endemic but not non-endemic fish populations at a high latitude coral reef.
  • Figueira, W. F and Booth, D. J. (2010). Increasing ocean temperatures allow tropical fishes to survive overwinter in temperate waters.
  • Kloser, R. J., Keith, G. and Althaus, F. (2010). Key Ecological Features of the East and South-east Marine Regions: Shelf Incising Canyons.
  • Malcolm, H. A, Jordan, A and Smith, S. D. (2010). Biogeographical and cross-shelf patterns of reef fish assemblages in a transition zone.
  • Malcolm, H. A, Smith, S. D and Jordan, A. (2010). Using patterns of reef fish assemblages to refine a Habitat Classification System for marine parks in NSW, Australia.
  • Noreen, A. M. (2010). Ecological and evolutionary connectivity of reef corals in subtropical eastern Australia: implications for the persistence of high-latitude coral populations.
  • NSW, Marine Parks Authority (2010). Lord Howe Island Marine Park Summary of Research and Monitoring.
  • Smith, S. D and Simpson, R. D. (2010). Nearshore corals of the Coffs Harbour region, mid north coast, New South Wales.
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